The American Federation of Labor APUSH Topics to Study for Test Day

Things like unions, collective bargaining, and minimum wages seem to be pretty standard today (but not without their fare share of controversy). But the basic labor protections that these organizations and policies are meant to protect have not always been embedded in the idea of the United States; the history of the American Federation of Labor is proof of that. So how did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) come to be? And what are its impacts for U.S. history? Keep reading to learn more about this important topic for the APUSH exam. How did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) get started? Artist rendering of the events at the Haymarket Square Riot. In order to understand the history of the AFL, we need to go back to another event: the Haymarket Square Riot. On May 4, 1886, a group of socialists and anarchists met at Haymarket Square in Chicago; they were protesting police violence that occurred the day before at a strike at the McCormick factory. There’s still some ambiguity as to who started the riot by throwing a bomb; most historians believe it was someone connected with the anarchist group. However, there is consensus in the historical community that the eight individuals who were tried and quickly punished for the riot – four hanged for their alleged connection to the crime – were innocent. The event at Haymarket Square was organized by the Knights of Labor, and because of the violence and a general anti-unionism sentiment popular at the time, the membership for the Knights declined dramatically. Here enters the American Federation of Labor, and one of its charismatic leaders, Samuel Gompers. Who was Samuel Gompers? Gompers immigrated to the United States from London in the midst of the Civil War with his family. By age 27, he was running the family cigar-making business. In 1886, a few months after the Haymarket Riot, Gompers met with other trade organization leaders to create the American Federation of Labor. Gompers’ leadership was not without its own controversies; for example, he eventually made the decision to exclude unskilled workers from membership in the American Federation of Labor. And across the board, Gompers advocated more conservative strategies, which stood in stark contrast to the tactics that more radical unions had taken before him. The ground-work principle of Americas labor movement has been to recognize that first things must come first, Gompers explained in 1911. Our mission has been the protection of the wage-worker, now; to increase his wages; to cut hours off the long workday, which was killing him; to improve the safety and the sanitary conditions of the workshop; to free him from the tyrannies, petty or otherwise, which served to make his existence a slavery. Although Gompers was much more conservative than other labor organizers – which earned him a positive reputation among businessmen – he still opposed things such as company-organized unions. More radical members may have been allowed to participate in AFL organizing, but the purpose of the AFL was not to change American society. Rather, Gompers wanted to â€Å"keep it simple† by focusing on material gains for workers in the form of increased wages and a shorter work week. As Gompers stated in his 1893 speech before the International Labor Congress entitled â€Å"What does Labor Want?† Render our lives while working as safe and healthful as modern science demonstrates it is possible. Give us better homes is just as potent a cry to-day as when Dickens voiced the yearnings of the people of a generation agoWe want more school houses and less jails; more books and less arsenals; more learning and less vice; more constant work and less crime; more leisure and less greed; more justice and less revenge; in fact, more of the opportunities to cultivate our better natures, to make manhood more noble, womanhood more beautiful and childhood more happy and bright (Source: The Gompers Papers). Who could be in the American Federation of Labor? As historian Michael K. Honey made clear in his book Southern Labor and Black Civil Rights, the AFL admitted a wide range of individuals when they were just starting out (including women and people of color). However, they grew more exclusive, barring African Americans and effectively becoming an organization for white men. Historian Philip Rubio also found that the AFL supported the renewing of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and actively branded products made by AFL members to discourage individuals from buying products made by Chinese workers. What kinds of questions will I be asked about the American Federation of Labor on the APUSH exam? Source: Glencoe Multiple Choice Quiz 1. A major feature of the program of the American Federation of Labor was its emphasis on A. gender equity between male and female industrial workers. B. reforming and altering the capitalist system so that workers would own part of the corporations they worked for. C. immediate gains for its members, such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. D. mass organization of all laborers skilled, unskilled, and agricultural. E. creating a pathway for women into the work force. 2. The significance of the Haymarket Square incident in 1886 was that A. unions won their demand for an eight-hour day. B. the American socialist movement received a great boost. C. the use of Pinkerton guards as strikebreakers was outlawed. D. it led to federal intervention in labor union matters. E. it heightened a hysterical wave of fear of anarchism and immigration and its alleged connection with unionism. Correct Answers: 1. C 2. E

Nathaniel Hawthorne An Author that Influenced and...

America is a melting pot. Our leaders, immigrants from other countries, successes, and tragedies, are constantly changing this nation. American food, music, and ideals are also constantly being modified. American literature is no exception. Many great writers have influenced and reshaped our literature, and Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of them. He faced his problems and moved on. He was and is one of the most influential American writers, and he is more than a writer. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel and Elizabeth Hawthorne. His original last name was Hathorne, but he added the w when he started writing to avoid confusion with his great-grandfather John Hathorne, a Salem Witch Trial judge.†¦show more content†¦Between 1825 and 1837, he traversed New England. He based his first book, Seven Tales of My Native Land (1826), on his early travels. After the publisher refused it, Nathaniel became mad and burned the copies. Convinced of his lack of talent, he did not write anything for a while. In 1828, he decided to write a novel, which was titled Fanshawe. He paid for it and circulated the copies. After a while, he became embarrassed and tried to destroy every copy. In 1829, he tried again, despite his early failures, and wrote Provincial Tales. Even though this one succeeded, it was published anonymously, so he barely earned any money from it. He was also horrified to find it in a low quality f iction catalog. Around this time, he also wrote The Story Teller. Samuel Goodrich, the publisher he sold it to, took the stories apart and sold off some of them. Nathaniel was appalled to see the stories put out of context. Then things started getting better. At this point, Nathaniel was discouraged, but his college friend Horatio Bridge convinced him to send the manuscript for his next book, Twice Told Tales (1837), to the publisher under his own name. Horatio then secretly paid all the expenses. Twice Told Tales was his first great success. In 1838, Nathaniel met Elizabeth Peabody, an education reformer. He soon also met her sister, Sophia Amelia Peabody, and they fell in love, but he was too poor at that point to marry her. In

Using Emotions to Build Advertisements - 955 Words

The need, purpose, and effectiveness in cooperating emotions in advertising has been looked at and studied for many years trying to find the most productive form of speaking to consumers. By assessing consumers and their responses to different types of emotional marketing, the value of emotions in advertising and the field of marketing can then be determined (Bagozzi, Gopinath, Nyer, 1999). In the following studies, emotions in ads and the psychological and emotions reactions of consumers are reviewed to see if emotions can further the productivity of the marketing industry (Rajecki Gerber, 2012). USING STUDIES TO SHOW EMOTIONS IN ADVERTISING/MARKETING Study #1 Studies in the past two decades has provided that there should be a scientific inquiry in the field on marketing (Ming-Hui, 2001). Psychology theories have been heavily adapting to marketing and trying to appeal to emotions of consumers. Although psychology is not regularly incorporated when developing ad campaigns, it can indeed enrich the campaign. In the study The Theory of Emotions in Marketing by Ming-Hui Huang, one of the main concerns of scientists is, do emotions have a legitimate place in the field of marketing? There are three characteristics of emotional marketing says Ming-Hui, that stress the need/existence of emotions in marketing (Ming-Hui, 2001). These characteristics are are: range of emotions, intensity of emotions, and positive/negative emotions (Ming-Hui, 2001). When studying the range ofShow MoreRelatedIs Crest Toothpaste Truly Complete? Essay774 Words   |  4 Pages Appeal is the key to the car of spending. Advertisers know, to be successful, they mu st be able to quickly grab an audience’s attention and promptly make their point to keep it. A good advertisement must also contain all three of Aristotle’s appeals; pathos, ethos and logos, in order to convey a message to the masses. 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Case Study for Strategic management of Lulu lemon Athletica Inc.

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Strategic management of Lululemon Athletica Inc. Answer: Introduction The aim of the essay is to analyse internal and external business environment of Lululemon Athletica Inc. This is a Canada based retail company, which provides athletes apparel bat premium price. As per May 2016, the profit margin of the company is 12.36%. Quarterly revenue growth of this company is 17%. Current ratio of the company is 4.80, which indicates that the company has strong financial position (Ca.finance.yahoo.com, 2016). Current ratio value more than 2 indicates that current asset of the company is more than current liabilities, which helps the company to meet short term liabilities. Despite facing controversies regarding product quality several times, the company has strong position in market. The essay analyses competitive advantage of Lulu lemon in the sports apparel industry. In a competitive market the company faces several challenges and risks, which are analysed here. Weaknesses and opportunity of the company in future are highlighted to assess companys growth pros pect. Discussion Lululemon operates in a competitive environment. The market of sport apparel is oligopolistic market, as there is few numbers of sellers. Strong competitors of Lululemon are Adidas, Nike, GPS and Under Armour etc (blogs.ubc.ca, 2013). Quarterly revenue growth of Lululemon is more than the competitors and even more than the industry growth rate. Market capitalisation of this company is less than Nike and Adidas. Labour power of the competitors is more than that of Lululemon. Financial position of Lululemon is stronger compared to other competitors as it has current ratio of 4.80. High current ratio is attractive to the investors, as it signify that the company has sufficient current assets to finance the current liabilities, Comparisons among the direct competitors (in USD) LULU NIKE Adidas AG (Pvt1) GPS Industry Market Cap: 10.97B 95.99B 31.27B 10.30B 983.09M Employees: 11,000 70,700 537,311 141,000 3.60k Quarterly Rev Growth (Year Over Year): 0.17 0.06 0.13 -0.06 0.16 Revenue (ttm): 2.13B 32.38B 17.67B 15.58B 1.46B Gross Margin (ttm): 0.48 0.46 N/A 0.36 0.42 EBITDA (ttm): 432.14M 5.16B N/A 2.06B 131.05M Operating Margin (ttm): 0.17 0.14 .78 0.09 0.05 Net Income (ttm): 263.57M 3.76B 595.60M1 808.00M N/A EPS (ttm): 1.89 2.16 4.49 1.99 0.39 P/E (ttm): 42.49 26.49 N/A 12.98 20.24 PEG (5 yr expected): 2.25 1.68 N/A 1.61 1.48 P/S (Trailing Twelve Months (as of May 1, 2016)): 5.04 2.95 N/A 0.65 1.19 Table: Companiess key statistics as of 2014 (Source: Ca.finance.yahoo.com, 2016) Among the total market capital, NIKE has highest share. Market capital reflects the value of outstanding share of the company. It indicates that among the competitors, share value of NIKE is highest. Employee strength of NIKE is more than Lululemon. The quarterly revenue growth rate shows opposite result of market capital. Quarterly revenue growth rate of Lululemon during 2016 is 17%, which is higher compared to the competitors. This value signifies that sales of Lululemon are growing more than that of its competitors. However, revenue of the year is highest for NIKE. Gross profit margin shows companys financial health. Gross profit margin indicates the value left over from revenue after deduction of cost of goods sold. This value is 48%, which is highest for Lulullemon. In the current year, the net profit is highest for GPS. The operating margin of Lululemon is lowest due to high pricing strategy compared to other firms. Therefore, net income of this company is also lower compared t o other firms. EPS stands for companys earning per share. EPS is highest for Adidas. The price earning ratio compute current share price in relation to its eaning per share. P/E ratio of Lululemon is highest. The highest value signifies that market assumes higher growth rate of Lululemon in future and higher risks for investment compred to other companies. Competitive advantage of Lululemon can be categorised into four segments such as efficiency, quality, innovation and customer loyalty. Competitive advantage adds value to the business. Lululemon efficiently outsource the products in different countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia, Israel, Peru and China. The products are outsourced through its own labels. Unique products and market segmentation gives the company sustainable competitive advantages. Providing different types of products for sportswear for both men and women gives advantage in the market. The company provides option for online purchase and free delivery of goods. Free delivery gives benefit to the customer in terms of cost and time saving (McGrath 2013). The activities of the company are divided among different departments. This strategy brings operational efficiency in the company. The guest education centre is a part of the company, which provides education and knowledge about products to the users and greater communit y. Distribution centre is a different segment, which manages the supply chain of the company (DaSilva and Trkman 2014). The store support centre has expert team on various aspects such as product innovation, training of the employees, finance, technical support, merchandise management and community relation. There is a specific department, which researches continuously for product up gradation. This company applies differentiated business strategy such as giving 15% discount to the certified yoga and fitness instructors. Brand recognition and maintaining product quality facilitates the company. More than 60% consumers perceive that Lululemon provides women brand. The competencies of the company are high quality products with innovative features and comfort. Continuous innovation gives the company competency in the market (AJ and Jain 2013). It has collaboration with fashion designer to bring new styles in products. The company has strong brand recognition. Although it has less number of employees compared to the competitors, it has well trained staffs. Currently the company has 11000 staffs across different stores. Quarterly revenue growth of the company is 17% and gross profit margin is US$997.17mn. Operating cash flow during 2016 is US$317.53 mn. Increasing stock value and revenue growth gives advantage to the Lululemon in the market. Inventory management system of the company is very strong (Ca.finance.yahoo.com, 2016). Figure: Growth statistics of Lululemon Athletic Inc (Source: Ca.finance.yahoo.com, 2016) The company faces challenges since 2013 regarding fall in revenues. Despite having more than 100 stores in US, this company has low brand recognition in U.S market. Limited global exposure is another weakness of the company. It has presence in some developing company, however, there is no such exposure in developed companies. During global slowdown, demand for Lululemon product is likely to decrease due high price (Azarian et al. 2014). The external environment such as political and legal factors affects the companys business performance. The company manufactures in Canada and United states however, depend on distribution channel in China, Peru, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam etc. Changing environment of these countries affect the operational performance of the company (Monczka et al. 2015). In doing business US, Lululemon has faced challenge regarding California Transparency in Supply Chain Act of 2010. This act deals with human trafficking and slavery in supply chain. Internal trade laws have impact on the business of Lululemon. During economic crisis, consumers cut their spending on costly products. In order to coup up with changing economic environment, the company can provide differentiated product. In business process, the company has to maintain environmental standard of the economy in which it is operating. Reduction in paper usage, reducing packaging wastage in the office is strategy of the company for r eduction ecological footprint (Ganin 2014). Considering the external environment, the company has developed ivivva brand for children. In order to maintain global customer base, this company has developed the e-commerce business. The company has decided to launch new brand for men in different countries during 2016. Presently the company has strong brand recognition in womens apparel. Breaking the perception may give the company wider customer base (Lavrence and Lozanski 2014). The main advantage of Lululemons business level strategy is sustainability in the business model. Customer segmentation and product differentiation are core business strategy of Lululemon (Info.lululemon.com, 2016). It focuses on the health and fitness of the customers. This company provides yoga class to thee employees and customer to grow awareness. Executives of the company conduct direct market survey through visit in stores in order to observe consumer behaviour. Customers of the company are treated as guests rather than buyer (Monczka et al. 2015). There is different complaint and comment section, which receives and addresses the issues coming from customers. Therefore, building up good relation with customers facilitates the company to meet the customer needs and product development. The product design team analyse the market trends based on market research and intelligence (Hassan 2013). The company generates artificial scarcity in industry to keep demand high. The scarcity i s created by keeping low level of inventory. The artificial scarcity creates urge among the customers for new products. Therefore, when demand exceeds the supply, they release the stock in the market and the market clears before the expiration date. Products of the company are mostly technology driven. The business model of the company emphasises on own capabilities of product development. Helping customer in maintaining healthy lifestyle and stylish performance apparel is one of the business strategies of the company. The future strategy of the company is to increase sales of ivivva globally. Penetration in new market is a risk for the company (Vendemia 2015). Strong rivalry and growing competition in online retail market are also risks for the company. Duuring 2012-13 the company-faced challenges regarding ecommerce business. Sales fell during this period. Lululemon faced controversies regarding stocks valuation (blogs.ubc.ca 2013). At this period, the company faced serious quality issues, which caught media attention. Maintenance of high quality at premium price always remains business strategy of the company. Therefore, any news regarding quality issue is sensitive for the business of Lululemon (Chesbrough 2013). The business expansion in new market depends on economic and social structure of the country. Hence, demand, per capita income, infrastructure of the locality, demographic structure etc influence the business. Expansion of business depends on cultural aspects (Fernie and Sparks 2014). Market penetration may not be successful if there are cultural differences between the organisation and target economy. Hence, incorporation of dynamic culture in business model is recommended for the company to reach local customers. In th e competitive environment, creating scarcity may not be sustainable in future. Therefore, the innovative business model needs to be undertaken to reduce future risks. Conclusion The essay highlights the business strategy of Lululemon. This is a Canada based company; however, it has global presence. The company has strong brand recognition in Canada market. There is a scope for the company to expand business in the international market. The business model relies on the sustainability and maintaining premium quality product. This company has faced challenges regarding quality during 2012-13. Therefore, it experienced fall in sale during this time. After 2014, it started recovering by changing its market strategy. References A.J. and Jain, A.K., 2013.Crafting Executing Strategy 19/e: The Quest for Competitive Advantage: Concepts and Cases. McGraw-Hill Education. Azarian, R., Sociologiska institutionen, Stockholms universitet Samhllsvetenskapliga fakulteten 2014, "Trade-offs in choice of inter-firm transaction structure: A qualitative study of perceived comparative advantages of business relation over vertical integration",Journal of Sociology,vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 472-485. blogs.ubc.ca. (2013). lululemon athletica inc.. [online] Available at: https://blogs.ubc.ca/ssdong/files/2013/12/LULU-Stock-Report-eportfilio-1.pdf [Accessed 19 Aug. 2016]. Ca.finance.yahoo.com. (2016). LULU Key Statistics | lululemon athletica inc. Stock - Yahoo! Canada Finance. [online] Available at: https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/q/ks?s=LULU [Accessed 19 Aug. 2016]. Chesbrough, H., 2013.Open business models: How to thrive in the new innovation landscape. Harvard Business Press. DaSilva, C.M. and Trkman, P., 2014. Business model: What it is and what it is not.Long Range Planning,47(6), pp.379-389. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Ganin, C., 2014. American Apparel, Crumbs Cupcakes, and Lululemon, Oh My-Examples of Why Increased Shareholder Invovlement Will Not Fix Corporate America.Ariz. L. Rev.,56, p.937. Hassan, D., 2013. Managing the business of sport.Managing the Business of Sport: An Introduction, p.446. Info.lululemon.com. (2016). Responsible Supply Chain | lululemon athletica. [online] Available at: https://info.lululemon.com/sustainability/responsible-supply-chain [Accessed 19 Aug. 2016]. Khan, I., 2016. Impact of Visual Merchandising on Consumer Buying Behavior: A Study on Retail Outlets.International Journal of Scientific Research,4(5). Lavrence, C. and Lozanski, K., 2014. This Is Not Your Practice Life: lululemon and the Neoliberal Governance of Self.Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie,51(1), pp.76-94. McGrath, R.G., 2013.The end of competitive advantage: How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business. Harvard Business Review Press. Thompson, A., Peteraf, M., Gamble, J., Strickland III, Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Seijts, G. and Gandz, J., 2013. Good leaders learn.Developing Leaders: Executive Education in Practice, pp.50-57. Vendemia, M.A., 2015.Seeing Is Believing? Perceptions of Interactivity in Company-Consumer Interactions on Social Networking Sites(Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University).